1. PFD Scan technika pro vrtulniky / PFD Scan technique for helicopters:
Radial scan (paprskovy sken): Stredem je AI (attitude indicator), ocima se vracime vzdy zpet k AI.
Poradi: AI -> rychlost -> AI -> vyska -> AI -> kurz -> AI -> VS -> opakovat.
U vrtulniku je dulezite sledovat trend, ne absolutni hodnoty. Zmena pitch = zmena rychlosti + VS.
Radial scan: AI is center, eyes always return to AI. Order: AI->speed->AI->alt->AI->hdg->AI->VS->repeat.
For helicopters: watch trends, not absolute values. Pitch change = speed + VS change.

2. Flight Director mody / Flight Director modes:
SAS — Stability Augmentation System: tlumi vibrace, zakladni stabilizace / damps vibrations, basic stabilization
ATT — Attitude Hold: drzi pitch a bank / holds pitch and bank angles
VS — Vertical Speed: drzi vertikalni rychlost / holds vertical speed
ALT — Altitude Hold: drzi nastavenou vysku / holds selected altitude
HDG — Heading: drzi nebo zataci na zvoleny kurz / holds or turns to selected heading
NAV — Navigation: sleduje VOR/GPS trat / tracks VOR/GPS course
APR — Approach: sleduje LOC a GS pro priblizeni / tracks LOC and GS for approach

3. Speed bugs a jejich vyznam / Speed bugs and their meaning:
Vs0 — Pádová rychlost v přistávací konfiguraci / Stall speed landing config (white arc start)
Vs1 — Pádová rychlost v čisté konfiguraci / Stall speed clean config (green arc start)
Vno — Max rychlost pro normální provoz / Max structural cruising speed (yellow arc start)
Vne — Nikdy nepřekračovat / Never exceed speed (red line)
Vyp / Vy — Nejlepší rychlost stoupání / Best rate of climb speed
Vref — Referenční přibližovací rychlost / Reference approach speed

4. Rozdil: analogovy vs glass cockpit / Difference: analog vs glass cockpit:
Analogovy: jednotlive kruhove pristroje, mechanicke, kazdy samostatne.
Glass: integrovany displej (PFD+MFD), synteticke zobrazeni, trend sipky, FD bary, barevne pasky.
Vyhoda glass: situacni prehled, mene ocnich pohybu, automaticke varovani (pull-up, terrain).
Nevyhoda glass: zavisly na elektrice, nutny zaloha (standby instruments).
Analog: individual round instruments, mechanical, each separate.
Glass: integrated display (PFD+MFD), synthetic vision, trend arrows, FD bars, color tapes.
Advantage: situational awareness, fewer eye movements, automatic warnings.
Disadvantage: power dependent, backup instruments required.

5. QNH vs QFE vs STD / Transition altitude:
QNH — tlak prepocteny na hladinu more / pressure reduced to sea level. Vyskomer ukazuje nadmorskou vysku (AMSL).
QFE — tlak na letisti / aerodrome pressure. Vyskomer ukazuje vysku nad letistem (AGL). Pri pristani ukazuje 0.
STD (1013.25 hPa) — standardni tlak. Pouziva se nad transition altitude = flight levels (FL).
Transition altitude (CR): 5000 ft. Stoupani: pod TA=QNH, nad TA=STD.
Klesani: nad TL=STD, pod TL=QNH. Transition layer = prostor mezi TA a TL.
QNH: pressure at sea level, altimeter shows AMSL. QFE: aerodrome pressure, shows AGL (0 on landing).
STD: above transition altitude, use 1013.25 hPa = flight levels.

6. Radiovy vyskomer u vrtulniku / Radio altimeter in helicopter ops:
Meri skutecnou vysku nad terenem (AGL) pomoci radiovych vln.
Dulezity pro: pristani, vznaseni, lety v nizke vysce, ILS decision height.
Zobrazi se pod ~2500 ft AGL. Varovani nastavitelne (DH bug, typicky 200 ft pro ILS CAT I).
Vrtulniky: kriticky pro offshore pristani, EMS, lety v noci nad nerovnym terenem.
Measures actual height AGL via radio waves. Important for: landing, hover, low-level, ILS DH.
Displayed below ~2500 ft. Warning bug settable (DH, typically 200 ft ILS CAT I).
Helicopters: critical for offshore landings, EMS, night ops over uneven terrain.